{"title":"Syracuse University Press","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"9780815611851","title":"The Man of Middling Height","description":"What if our society’s deepest prejudices weren’t about race, gender, or sexuality—but height? In his groundbreaking allegorical novel, acclaimed Jordanian author and activist Fadi Zaghmout imagines just such a world, crafting a powerful meditation on discrimination and desire that speaks directly to our contemporary debates about identity and inclusion.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Man of Middling Height\u003c\/i\u003e follows a short dressmaker whose life is upended when she meets Tallan, a man whose middle height places him outside the rigid tall\/short binary that governs their society. As their forbidden romance blossoms, they must navigate a world where height determines everything from social status to romantic possibilities. Through their story and those of surrounding characters—including a short person in a polyamorous relationship with two tall partners, and a tall activist who scandalously loves another tall person—Zaghmout deftly reframes contemporary discussions about gender identity and sexuality through the lens of height discrimination.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294900793717,"sku":"9780815611851","price":19.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611851_bcfcb0d4-1f97-459e-befb-782b7160398d.jpg?v=1786016094"},{"product_id":"9780815638285","title":"Literary Optics","description":"In \u003ci\u003eLiterary Optics,\u003c\/i\u003e Maha AbdelMegeed offers a compelling and far-reaching alternative to the traditional mode of analyzing Arabic literature through an encounter between Arabic narrative forms and European ones. Drawing upon close engagements with the works of canonical authors from the period, including Hassan Husni al-Tuwayrani, Muhammad al-Muwaylihi, Ali Mubarak, Francis Marrash, and ‘Abdallah al-Nadim, AbdelMegeed addresses not where these works emanate from but rather how and why they were drawn together to form a canon. In doing so, she rejects the expectation that these texts, through the trope of encounter, hold the explanatory key to modern Arabic literature. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn this reformulation of Arabic literary history, AbdelMegeed argues that the canon is forged through an urgency to define a new form of political sovereignty and to make history visible. In doing so, she explores three pivotal concepts: the spectral (\u003ci\u003ekhaya\u003c\/i\u003el), the trace (\u003ci\u003eathar\u003c\/i\u003e) and the collective (\u003ci\u003ealnas\u003c\/i\u003e). By examining the texts through these concepts, \u003ci\u003eLiterary Optics\u003c\/i\u003e provides a remarkable intellectual history that delves into the aesthetic, philosophical, and political stakes of nineteenth-century Arabic literature.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294902464885,"sku":"9780815638285","price":26.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815638285_1673140e-38e0-4c9f-a4fb-76f00854fff9.jpg?v=1786016139"},{"product_id":"9780815611943","title":"Crafting Marriages","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eCrafting Marriages: Palestinian American Women Transforming Gender Boundaries\u003c\/i\u003e, Enaya Othman draws on three decades of ethnographic research to chart how Palestinian women have reimagined and reshaped marriage practices across generations. Through careful analysis of over sixty personal narratives, family documents, and marriage videos, Othman reveals how these women have become key agents of cultural change, negotiating between traditional expectations and contemporary possibilities. Her research demonstrates that rather than following a single pattern, Palestinian American marriages reflect complex interactions between religious identity, cultural heritage, and modern American life. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Othman’s groundbreaking study shows how the rise of global Islamic revival movements since the 1970s have created new opportunities for Palestinian women to challenge traditional marriage customs. By emphasizing Islamic values over ethnic ties, younger generations are expanding the boundaries of acceptable marriage partners across racial, cultural, and national lines. This shift has profound implications for how we understand the intersection of gender, religion, and cultural identity in diaspora communities. By illuminating how Palestinian American women navigate between tradition and transformation, \u003ci\u003eCrafting Marriages\u003c\/i\u003e offers important insights into broader questions about gender, agency, and cultural change in transnational communities.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294903120245,"sku":"9780815611943","price":44.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611943_79a2f79b-10d8-4862-a361-c905886f468a.jpg?v=1786016101"},{"product_id":"9780815638407","title":"The Logic of Cooperation in Autocracies","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis meticulously researched book offers a comprehensive analysis of strategic cooperation in authoritarian regimes, specifically focusing on Yemen's Joint Meeting Parties--an alliance composed of diverse Islamist, Socialist, and Arab nationalist parties. Heibach presents a unique case study that explores the alliance’s remarkable longevity and ultimate success, shedding light on the reasons behind the emergence and endurance of opposition cooperation in autocracies.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eTo provide a nuanced understanding of strategic cooperation, Heibach advocates for the separate examination of internal and external alliance performance. The internal logic of cooperation, which centers on the sustenance of the alliance, and the external logic, driven by goal attainment,  give rise to contradictions that significantly impact overall alliance performance.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDrawing on a wide range of primary sources and employing rigorous methodologies, \u003ci\u003eThe Logic of Cooperation in Autocracies\u003c\/i\u003e offers a vital addition to the academic discourse on authoritarianism, opposition politics, and coalition formation. It is an indispensable resource for scholars, researchers, and students seeking deep insights into the complex world of strategic cooperation in autocratic systems and its profound implications for political conflicts.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294903480693,"sku":"9780815638407","price":31.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815638407_0fa9a7ce-8d6f-4aeb-923c-064dbf5e043e.jpg?v=1786016144"},{"product_id":"9780815638506","title":"Empires in Friction","description":"In 1517, the Ottoman Empire had finally defeated the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt, completing their conquest of the Middle East and turning Egypt into a province of the Ottoman Empire. While much has been documented about the Mamluk period until 1517, publication on the historical record about the sixteenth century reveals little from distinctly Egyptian perspectives. In \u003cem\u003eEmpires in Friction\u003c\/em\u003e, Nelly Hanna explores this transitional period and provides insight into the intricate dynamics of imperial control and political transition.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith an original approach to understanding empire, Hanna challenges traditional narratives that emphasize the centralization of power and the dominance of the capital. Instead, she proposes a nuanced paradigm that focuses on the imperial problem of distance, the autonomy of provinces, and the continuity of local customs and economic activities across different imperial regimes.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHanna dives into the financial, economic, and commercial domains where Ottomanization happened. In each, the new ruling power faced challenges in understanding the existing processes, but ultimately the ability of Egyptian merchants to prosper under Ottoman rule shows how Egypt remained under the Ottomans for so many centuries. Hanna deftly demonstrates the strain and areas of conformity in transferring from one imperial system with specific traditions to another. Fused together through the continuation of provincial operation, the Mamluk and Ottoman rules are not observably differentiable during the sixteenth century as the periphery operates at an arm’s length from the Ottoman capital.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Hardback","offer_id":56294903611765,"sku":"9780815638506","price":48.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815638506_1cf9b497-0285-4fdf-985d-c02827f6e33c.jpg?v=1792511566"},{"product_id":"9780815637387","title":"Chick TV","description":"Tony Soprano, Don Draper, and Walter White ushered in the era of the television antihero, with compelling narratives and complex characters. While critics and academics celebrated these characters, the antiheroines who populated\u003cbr\u003etelevision screens in the twenty-first century were pushed to the margins and dismissed as \"chick TV.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn this volume, Yael Levy advances antiheroines to the forefront of television criticism, revealing the varied and subtle ways in which they perform feminist resistance. Offering a retooling of gendered media analyses, Levy finds antiheroism not only in the morally questionable cop and tormented lawyer, but also in the housewife and nurse who inhabit more stereotypical feminine roles. By analyzing \u003ci\u003eGirls, Desperate Housewives, Nurse Jackie, Being Mary \u003c\/i\u003e\u003ci\u003eJane, Grey’s Anatomy, Six Feet Under, Sister Wives, \u003c\/i\u003eand\u003ci\u003e the Real Housewives\u003c\/i\u003e franchise, Levy explores the narrative complexities of \"chick TV\" and the radical feminist potential of these shows.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294907707765,"sku":"9780815637387","price":48.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815637387_b09b0d32-8f4c-4efa-818a-e59f0281d0ca.jpg?v=1786016131"},{"product_id":"9780815637394","title":"Feminisms with Chinese Characteristics","description":"The year 1995, when the Fourth World Conference on Women was held in Beijing, marks a historical milestone in the development of the Chinese feminist movement. In the decades that followed, three distinct trends emerged: first, there was a rise in feminist NGOs in mainland China and a surfacing of LGBTQ movements; second, social and economic developments nurtured new female agency, creating a vibrant, women-oriented cultural milieu in China; third, in response to ethnocentric Western feminism, some Chinese feminist scholars and activists recuperated the legacies of socialist China's state feminism and gender policies in a new millennium. These trends have brought Chinese women unprecedented choices, resources, opportunities, pitfalls, challenges, and even crises. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn this timely volume, Zhu and Xiao offer an examination of the ways in which Chinese feminist ideas have developed since the mid-1990s. By juxtaposing the plural \"\"feminisms\"\" with \"\"Chinese characteristics,\"\" they both underline the importance of integrating Chinese culture, history, and tradition in the discussions of Chinese feminisms, and, stress the difference between the plethora of contemporary Chinese feminisms and the singular state feminism.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe twelve chapters in this interdisciplinary collection address the theme of feminisms with Chinese characteristics from different perspectives rendered from lived experiences, historical reflections, theoretical ruminations, and cultural and sociopolitical critiques, painting a panoramic picture of Chinese feminisms in the age of globalization.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294907904373,"sku":"9780815637394","price":64.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815637394_556f43a8-6f74-48cf-95c9-7d13a8142809.jpg?v=1786016131"},{"product_id":"9780815611219","title":"The Grandest Madison Square Garden","description":"\u003cbr\u003eBinding: Paperback \/ softback","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294908330357,"sku":"9780815611219","price":19.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611219_171246fd-bc8d-4d83-b449-e4683090b0ec.jpg?v=1786016080"},{"product_id":"9780815637820","title":"Women's War Stories","description":"Women have consistently been left out of the official writing of Lebanese history, and nowhere is this more obvious than in writing on the Lebanese Civil War. As more and more histories of the war begin to circulate, few include any in-depth discussion of the multiple roles women played in wartime Lebanon. Fewer still address the essential issues of women’s work and their creative production, such as literature, performance art, and filmmaking. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDeveloped out of a larger oral history project collecting and archiving the ways in which women narrated their experiences of the Lebanese Civil War, this book focuses on a wide range of subjects, all framed as women telling their \"war stories.\" Each of the six chapters centers on women who worked or created art during the war, revealing, in their own words, the challenges, struggles, and resistance they faced during this tumultuous period of Lebanese history.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294909378933,"sku":"9780815637820","price":19.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815637820_692076af-656a-4adb-afbb-f32b9a75d1e8.jpg?v=1786016137"},{"product_id":"9780815611325","title":"The Bear Tree and Other Stories from Cazenovia's History","description":"The historic lakeside village of Cazenovia in the scenic Finger Lakes region is one of the jewels of Central New York, and yet very few books have told its story.  Cazenovia is a town founded by wealthy men, and much of what has been written about it has focused on the elite and the grand lakeshore mansions in which they lived. In contrast, Barnes and Emerson's new book chronicles the story of everyday Cazenovia: the fascinating people, places, and history of this 225-year-old community.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Bear Tree and Other Stories\u003c\/i\u003e \u003ci\u003efrom Cazenovia's History\u003c\/i\u003e explores the unheralded, inaccurately told, and long-forgotten tales of  the town. Readers will encounter historical characters such as elephant and lion tamer Lucia Zora Card, \"The Bravest Woman in the World\"; educator Susan Blow, \"The Mother of American Kindergarten\";  and World War I soldier Cecil Donovan, whose letters home vividly depicted the experience of war for those awaiting his return in Cazenovia.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294945227125,"sku":"9780815611325","price":14.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611325_5a0294fe-d855-4d44-949c-f11416b06e5f.jpg?v=1786016081"},{"product_id":"9780815611950","title":"Lines of Flight, Assemblages of Home","description":"\u003cp\u003eWhile humanitarian organizations and media outlets often reduce Syrian refugees to statistics or brief anecdotes, the real story of displacement unfolds in the intimate spaces of family life. Through the interwoven narratives of five middle-aged sisters from Damascus, \u003ci\u003eLines of Flight, Assemblages of Home\u003c\/i\u003e reveals how Syrian women navigate war, exile, and the profound transformation of their families and identities. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Drawing on extensive interviews conducted between 2015 and 2017, this book follows an extended Sunni Muslim family as they flee their homes in Damascus’s Eastern Ghouta suburbs and scatter across Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey, Egypt, and eventually Europe. As these women move through an increasingly hostile landscape of border controls, refugee camps, and human trafficking networks, they must reinvent themselves—from stable middle-class mothers to resourceful survivors, from guardians of tradition to architects of change. Their journeys challenge conventional assumptions about refugee experiences, revealing how displacement reconfigures family networks, religious practices, and gender roles. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Leila Hudson’s intimate portrait of Syrian displacement offers vital insights for researchers and practitioners working in humanitarian assistance, refugee resettlement, and forced migration. It provides essential reading for anyone seeking to understand how ordinary families navigate extraordinary circumstances, and how women in particular bear both the burdens and opportunities of displacement.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294946308469,"sku":"9780815611950","price":56.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611950_8f18cad4-279f-42ef-864e-b812734aa5d8.jpg?v=1786016102"},{"product_id":"9780815635147","title":"Islam, Arabs, and the Intelligent World of the Jinn","description":"According to the Qur’an, God created two parallel species, man and the jinn, the former from clay and the latter from fire. Beliefs regarding the jinn are deeply integrated into Muslim culture and religion, and have a constant presence in legends, myths, poetry, and literature. In \u003cem\u003eIslam, Arabs, and the Intelligent World of the Jinn\u003c\/em\u003e, Amira El-Zein explores the integral role these mythological figures play, revealing that the concept of jinn is fundamental to understanding Muslim culture and tradition.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eExamining closely a wide range of sources, from the fields of law, theology, and folklore, El-Zein clearly places the status of the jinn in the metaphysical and cosmological economy of Islam. The author also illuminates the Islamic concept of the jinn by comparing it to other similar concepts in different religions and mythologies. She probes the complex relationships between the jinn and humans, as well as the jinn and animals, providing critical insights into the function of the jinn in the process of poetic and cultural creation. The author’s access to Arabic sources and her ability to contextualize them make this a compelling and thorough account, enriching our knowledge of Islamic religion and tradition.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294946439541,"sku":"9780815635147","price":19.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815635147_0aad6b73-4b01-4cbf-81fd-089921efab4a.jpg?v=1786016114"},{"product_id":"9780815629764","title":"Intersections","description":"A true \"\"intersection\"\" of Arab women's texts that challenges and rewrites the traditional boundaries of nation, gender, and community. This rigorously documented collection brings together for the first time original essays by leading authorities in the field on nine contemporary Arab women novelists from Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, and Palestine. The work focuses on texts available in English translation and explores with great theoretical sophistication the relationship of these authors' texts to contemporary phenomena of feminism, nationalism, post-colonialism, war, transnationalism, and societal change.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294946931061,"sku":"9780815629764","price":14.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815629764_dc9e73d2-4ce6-43d6-b5b3-83ccac28fe86.jpg?v=1786016112"},{"product_id":"9780815637868","title":"Broken Irelands","description":"While the national narrative coming out of Ireland since the 2008 economic crisis has been relentlessly sanguine, fiction has offered a more nuanced perspective from both well-established and emerging authors. In \u003ci\u003eBroken Irelands\u003c\/i\u003e, McGlynn examines Irish novels of the post-crash era, addressing the proliferation of writing that downplays realistic and grammatical coherence in works of fiction. Noting that these traits have the effect of diminishing human agency, blurring questions of responsibility, and emphasizing emotion over rationality, McGlynn argues that they are reflecting and responding to social and economic conditions during the global economic crisis and its aftermath of recession, austerity, and precarity.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eRather than focusing on overt discussions of the crash and recession, McGlynn explores how the dominance of an economic worldview, including a pervasive climate of financialized discourse, shapes the way stories are told. In the writing of such authors as Anne Enright, Colum McCann, Mike McCormack, and Lisa McInerney, McGlynn unpacks the ways that formal departures from realism through grammatical asymmetries like unconventional verb tenses, novel syntactic choices, and reliance on sentence fragments align with a cultural moment shaped by feelings of impotence and rhetorics of personal responsibility.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294948012405,"sku":"9780815637868","price":25.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815637868_35600a05-9bd3-438b-9eff-11638893242d.jpg?v=1786016137"},{"product_id":"9780815611936","title":"Castigation","description":"Seven escaped mental patients—including reincarnations of Genghis Khan, Cleopatra, Alexander the Great—trudge across a nameless landscape, pursued by an omnipresent snake and haunted by their past lives’ brutal transgressions. Led by a mysterious Emperor who promises deliverance to the Holy Land, these travelers are actually pilgrims of their own fractured histories, each confronting the violent, sensual, and deeply human moments that have defined their existence. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e Blending elements of Central Asian epic tradition with surrealist storytelling, Sultan Raev crafts a novel that is at once a scathing critique of power, a meditation on historical violence, and a darkly comic exploration of collective memory. The narrative weaves between present-day desert wanderings and vivid historical reconstructions, challenging readers’ understanding of identity, punishment, and spiritual transformation. Snakes slither through personal and collective histories; eclipses mark moments of existential revelation; and the line between madness and profound insight becomes provocatively blurred. Winner of Kazakhstan’s 2014 Novel of the Year, \u003ci\u003eCastigation\u003c\/i\u003e offers a stunning meditation on humanity’s capacity for both destruction and transcendence.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295031472501,"sku":"9780815611936","price":23.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611936_36ff6621-07fe-45a0-8105-90451d92f413.jpg?v=1786016100"},{"product_id":"9780815602965","title":"Rastafari","description":"Interviews with 30 converts from the 1930s and 1940s are a component of Barry Chevanne's book, a look into the origins and practices of Rastafarianism. From the direct accounts of these early members, he is able to reconstruct pivotal episodes in Rastafarian history to offer a look into a subgroup of Jamaican society whose beliefs took root in the social unrest of the 1930s. The little that most people know about Rastafarianism has come through the Jamaican music, Reggae, which resonates with the contemporary social and political struggle of the poverty-stricken cities of Trenchtown and Kingston. Bob Marley and the Wailers, for instance, with their politically charged lyrics about the ghetto, became emissaries for the Jamaican poor. Here Chevannes traces Rastafarianism back to 1930's prophet Marcus Garvey and his mass coalition against racial oppression and support of a free Africa. Before Garvey, few Jamaicans, the overwhelming majority of whom had been brought to the island from Africa and enslaved by Europeans, held positive attitudes about Africa. The rise of black nationalism, however, provided the movement with its impetus to organise a system of beliefs. Likewise, Chevannes explores the movement's roots in the Jamaican peasantry, which underwent distinct phases of development between 1834 and 1961 as freed slaves became peasants. The peasants established themselves in the recesses of the island and many eventually moved to cities, where the economic and social hardship already inherent in Jamaican society, was even more desolate. Between 1943 and 1960, detrimental social changes transformed Jamaica's rapidly expanding cities. Kingston's population grew by 86 percent, and crime and disease were rampant. It was under this severe social decay that Rastafari became a hospice for the uprooted and derelict masses. As a spiritual philosophy, Rastafarianism is linked to societies of runaway slaves or maroons and derives from both the African Myal religion and the Revivalist Zion churches. Like the revival movement, Rastafarianism embraces the 400-year-old doctrine of repatriation. Rastas believe that they and all Africans who have migrated are but exiles in \"\"Babylon\"\" and are destined to be delivered out of captivity by a return to Zion or Africa - the land of their ancestors and the seat of Jah Rastafari himself, Haile Selassie I, the former emperor of Ethiopia. \"\"Rastafari\"\" is a work with an historical and ethnographic approach that seeks to correct several misconceptions in existing literature - the true origin of dreadlocks, for instance. It should be of interest to religion scholars, historians, scholars of Black studies, and a general audience interested in the movement and how Rastafarians settled in other countries.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295031505269,"sku":"9780815602965","price":15.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815602965_718dd710-e3e1-4d2b-ae9d-4f2874b9bcfe.jpg?v=1786016079"},{"product_id":"9780815611677","title":"War and Imagination","description":"Stories of war and conflict form the backbone of much of the Western literary canon, portraying a certain image of heroism, stoicism, and survival in the face of violence. \u003ci\u003eWar and Imagination \u003c\/i\u003echallenges the canon with essays, short stories, and a wide variety of perspectives. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePaying particular attention to the twentieth century and prioritizing the writings of civilians, the works highlighted in \u003ci\u003eWar and Imagination\u003c\/i\u003e offer an opportunity to challenge representations of well-known conflicts with a wide variety of pieces from the frontlines and beyond, such as letters from German soldiers at the siege of Stalingrad, a Holocaust memoir by physicist Abraham Pais, a previously unpublished story by Tennessee Williams, a haunting tale of the Spanish Civil War, and a fresh translation of the final act of \u003ci\u003eSir Gawain and the Green Knight.\u003c\/i\u003e The selections chosen from this anthology make real the unimaginable horrors of survival during wartime while showcasing unique interpretations  that allow readers to ponder the mystery from another point of view. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eWar and Imagination\u003c\/i\u003e includes selections from Tennessee Williams, Louis Simpson, Nina Bogin, Leo Tolstoy, Lara Prescott, Maxine Kumin, Benjamin Fondane, Maria Terrone, Brooke Allen, and more.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295031538037,"sku":"9780815611677","price":31.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611677_1f2aa78a-dc84-4a46-8b14-5a5f68f0318e.jpg?v=1786016089"},{"product_id":"9780815611516","title":"Waiting for the Past","description":"Hadiya Hussein’s poignant 2017 novel plunges readers into a haunting and powerful story of resilience. Set at the end of Saddam Hussein’s brutal reign, the novel follows Narjis, a young Iraqi woman, on her quest to discover what has become of the man she loves. Yusef, suspected by the regime of being a dissident, has disappeared—presumably either imprisoned or executed.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOn her journey, Narjis receives shelter from a Kurdish family who welcome her into their home and meets Umm Hani, an older woman who is searching for her long-lost son. Together they form a bond, and Narjis comes to understand the depth of loss and grief of those around her. At the same time, she is introduced to the warm hospitality of the Kurds, settling into their everyday lives, and embracing their customs. Barbara Romaine’s translation skillfully renders this complex, layered story, giving readers a stark yet beautiful portrait of contemporary Iraq.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295031636341,"sku":"9780815611516","price":14.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611516_756f31a1-a2a3-472c-b12c-1e0001ab75cd.jpg?v=1786016085"},{"product_id":"9780815637547","title":"Victims of Commemoration","description":"Commemoration is considered essential to any project of confronting a nation’s violent past. Opinions on commemoration tend to focus on representation and reception: how the commemoration narrates the violence and how the public responds to it. However, this focus ignores the reality of violence’s continuing presence, including in the very public spaces of commemoration. The urgency of rethinking this focus has been nowhere more salient than in the case of contemporary Turkey, whose image on the world stage has rapidly descended from a regional beacon of democratization and prosperity to a hotbed of conflict and oppression within the space of a few recent years.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn \u003ci\u003eVictims of Commemoration\u003c\/i\u003e, Çayli explores both activist and official commemorations at sites of state-endorsed violence in Turkey. Çayli unpacks the reverberations of these commemorative acts and artifacts across the everyday life of the city where each site is located. The first comprehensive account of space’s centrality to confronting state-endorsed violence, this volume draws upon ethnographic research gathered throughout the first half of the 2010s, the period of Turkey’s quickly deteriorating global image.\u003ci\u003e Victims of Commemoration\u003c\/i\u003e challenges our tendency to understand the cultural practice of commemoration as distinct from violence, revealing the ways in which these memorial sites often exist alongside and at times exacerbate the violence itself.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":57688237441397,"sku":"9780815637516","price":22.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"Hardback","offer_id":56295034945909,"sku":"9780815637547","price":60.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815637516.jpg?v=1792686182"},{"product_id":"9780815637042","title":"Perspectives on Crazy Ex-Girlfriend","description":"With an off-putting title and a decidedly retrograde premise, the CW dramedy \u003ci\u003eCrazy Ex-Girlfriend\u003c\/i\u003e is a surprising choice for critical analysis. But, loyal viewers quickly came to appreciate the show's sharp cultural critique through masterful parody, and this strategy has made it a critical darling and earned it several awards throughout its run. In ways not often seen on traditional network television, the show transcends conventional genre boundaries-the Hollywood musical, the romantic comedy, the music video-while resisting stereotypes associated with contemporary life.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe essays in this collection underscore the show's ability to distinguish itself within the current television market. 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Tracing the historical mediation and dissemination of ideas for national reform in the modern period of Iran, the book examines the various discourses that have constituted the image of the \"\"Babi.\"\" As cinema began to displace other forms of Iranian entertainment, Islamic culture attempted to keep the motion picture industry free from what it perceived to be the taint of foreign values and intervention. With rich insight and compelling detail, Mottahedeh looks at the revealing ways in which Iranian cinema has dealt with representing the unpresentable. In her exploration of gender and Iranian film, the author argues powerfully against contemporary uses of veiling in the representation of Iran as a modern nation. This highly original work, signaling a paradigm shift in Iranian studies and gender studies, will be an invaluable resource for scholars.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295035371893,"sku":"9780815631798","price":23.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815631798_aa6bfec4-78b7-4535-824c-c28ce9845464.jpg?v=1786016113"},{"product_id":"9780815637370","title":"The Best of Hard Times","description":"The \u003ci\u003eBest of Hard Times\u003c\/i\u003e explores the gendered identities of two generations of men in the Shatila Palestinian refugee camp in Beirut. Gustavo Barbosa compares the fida'iyyin, the men who served as freedom fighters to reconquer Palestine in the 1970s, to the shabab, their sons who lead seemingly mundane lives with limited access to power. While the fida'iyyinn displayed their masculinity through active resistance and fighting to return to their homeland, the shabab have a more nuanced relationship to Palestine and articulate their gender belonging in alternative ways.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThrough vivid ethnographic stories, Barbosa critically engages with certain trends in feminism, calling attention to their limits and considering nimble views on gender. Instead of presenting the shabab as emasculated or experiencing a crisis of masculinity, the book shows the pliability of masculinity in time and space and argues that \"\"gender\"\" has limited purchase to capture the experiences of today's youth from Shatila. Based on two years of fieldwork, \u003ci\u003eThe Best of Hard Times\u003c\/i\u003e answers the burgeoning demand for anthropological literature on Arab masculinities and portrays refugees as inventive actors rather than agentless victims of circumstances beyond their control. The \u003ci\u003eBest of Hard Times\u003c\/i\u003e is a tour de force combining highbrow theory with gripping ethnography, challenging many of the stereotypes on gender, power, statehood, and the role of Islam in the Middle East.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295035404661,"sku":"9780815637370","price":64.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815637370_a814394c-ffb5-43f6-81d7-1dc952daf25d.jpg?v=1786016130"},{"product_id":"9780815638599","title":"A Political Anthropology of Yemen","description":"At a time when Yemen has been ravaged by a decade of war and subject to myriad political and military interventions, the essays in this collection serve as a timely reminder of the need for grounded anthropological study in even the harshest of circumstances. From tribesmen to refugees, revolutionaries to farmers, state workers to charity workers, intellectuals to the unemployed and the destitute, we learn of the everyday political languages through which people in the country live their lives. This volume is a call for an anthropology attuned not only to locally significant political concepts, but also to the ways in which people actively confront and reorient them while challenging their worlds and engaging the political imagination in a spirit of abiding critique. This concise collection is the fruit of decades of ethnographic fieldwork in Yemen and will be of interest to students and scholars seeking an intimate and nuanced account of life in the country.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295037010293,"sku":"9780815638599","price":32.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815638599_986ef608-f8b9-419e-b63d-e33645538c1d.jpg?v=1786016148"},{"product_id":"9780815611646","title":"A Plague of Cholera and Other Stories","description":"With his intense, quickfire psychological fiction and consistent portrayal  of characters’ subconscious minds, Jonah Rosenfeld is a standout among Yiddish authors of the early twentieth century. 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These short stories are presented in a fresh, approachable way, welcoming to students as well as seasoned readers of Yiddish texts and translations. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eBy narrating the lives of impoverished and working-class Jews in Europe and urban North America, \u003ci\u003eA Plague of Cholera and Other Stories\u003c\/i\u003e shines a light on the secular, uniquely Yiddish challenges of its day while offering a comprehensive, informed perspective by one of the most prominent writers of the language.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295072694645,"sku":"9780815611646","price":24.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611646_65392380-b1ac-4a23-aee5-58fd346bb0dc.jpg?v=1786016088"},{"product_id":"9780815636953","title":"Working Out Desire","description":"\u003ci\u003eWorking Out Desire \u003c\/i\u003eexamines spor meraki as an object of desire shared by a broad and diverse group of Istanbulite women. Sehlikoglu follows the lat­est anthropological scholarship that defines desire beyond the moment it is felt, experienced, or even yearned for, and as something that is formed through a series of social and historical makings. She traces Istanbulite women's ever-increasing interest in exercise not merely to an interest in sport, but also to an interest in establishing a new self - one that attempts to escape from conventional feminine duties - and an investment in forming a more agentive, desiring, self. \u003ci\u003eWorking Out Desire\u003c\/i\u003e develops a multilayered analysis of how women use spor meraki to take themselves out of the domestic zone physically, emotionally, and also imaginatively.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eSehlikoglu pushes back against the conventional boundaries of scholarly interest in Muslim women as pious subjects. Instead, it places women's desiring subjectivity at its center and traces women's agentive aspirations in the way they bend the norms which are embedded in the multiple patriarchal ideologies (i.e. nationalism, religion, aesthetics) which operate on their selves. \u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWorking out Desire\u003c\/i\u003e presents the ways in which women's changing habits, leisure, and self-formation in the Muslim world and the Middle East are connected to their agentive capacities to shift and transform their conditions and socio-cultural capabilities.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295074890101,"sku":"9780815636953","price":26.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815636953_64ffad67-e352-489d-a0ab-4ff45e9792df.jpg?v=1786016124"},{"product_id":"9780815611882","title":"Wild Forest Lands","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe Adirondack Forest Preserve, which the New York Constitution guarantees \"shall be forever kept as wild forest lands,\" is the largest publicly owned natural area in the eastern United States. 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Rich with detail, \u003ci\u003eWild Forest Lands \u003c\/i\u003egrapples with the enduring power of the Adirondacks and the importance of preserving New York’s wilderness.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295074988405,"sku":"9780815611882","price":22.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611882_c35ff387-e468-4581-b568-ee31b7a5d753.jpg?v=1786016095"},{"product_id":"9780815636564","title":"Turkey, Egypt, and Syria","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTurkey, Egypt, and Syria: A Travelogue\u003c\/em\u003e vividly captures the experiences of prominent Indian intellectual and scholar Shibli¯ Nu‘ma¯ni¯ (1857–1914) as he journeyed across the Ottoman Empire and Egypt in 1892.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA professor of Arabic and Persian at the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College at Aligarh, Nu‘ma¯ni¯ took a six-month leave from teaching to travel to the Ottoman Empire in search of rare printed works and manuscripts to use as sources for a series of biographies on major figures in Islamic history. Along the way, he collected information on schools, curricula, publishers, and newspapers, presenting a unique portrait of imperial culture at a transformative moment in the history of the Middle East.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNu‘ma¯ni¯ records sketches and anecdotes that offer rare glimpses of intellectual networks, religious festivals, visual and literary culture, and everyday life in the Ottoman Empire and Egypt. First published in 1894, the travelogue has since become a classic of Urdu travel writing and has been immensely influential in the intellectual and politicalhistory of South Asia.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis translation, the first into English, includes contemporary reviews of the travelogue, letters written by the author during his travels, and serialized newspaper reports about the journey, and is deeply enriched for readers and students by the translator's copious multilingual glosses and annotations. Nu‘ma¯ni¯ 's chronicle offers unique insight into broader processes of historical change in this part of the world while also providing a rare glimpse of intellectual engagement and exchange across the porous borders of empire.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295075086709,"sku":"9780815636564","price":60.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815636564_53b62f03-84bc-4729-b2da-bdd033012d8b.jpg?v=1786016124"},{"product_id":"9780815611363","title":"From a Distant Relation","description":"In his short life (1865-1921), Micha Josef Berdichevsky was a versatile and influential man of letters: an innovative Hebrew prose stylist; a collector of Jewish folklore; a scholar of ancient Jewish and Christian history. He was at once a peer of the Brothers Grimm, Sholem Aleichem, Friedrich Nietzsche, and a diverse circle of Jewish writers in the Russian Empire and German-speaking countries. As a Yiddish writer, however, he remains largely unknown to gen­eral readers. Originally published in the 1920s, his stories were dismissed by prominent critics and viewed as out of step with the literary taste of his own time. Yet these vivid portraits of a small Jewish town (shtetl) in the southern Russian Empire can speak powerfully to audiences today.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith enchanting humor, social satire, and verbal dexterity, \u003ci\u003eFrom a Distant Relation \u003c\/i\u003ecaptures the world of the shtetl in a sharp realist prose style. Themes of repressed desire, poverty, relations with non-Jews, and historic upheavals echo in a cast of memorable characters. Many of the stories and monologues feature strong female protagonists, while others shed light on the misogynistic culture of the shtetl. At the border between fiction and reportage, with a gritty underbelly and a deceptive naïveté, Berdichevsky's stories explore dynamics of wealth, power, and gender in an intimate setting that resonates profoundly with contemporary Jewish life.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295075119477,"sku":"9780815611363","price":26.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611363_5870f614-e692-42b6-b85d-e3d7c0d2958f.jpg?v=1786016083"},{"product_id":"9780815636229","title":"Gladiators in Suits","description":"One of the most popular shows to come out of Shondaland, Shonda Rhimes's production company, is ABC's political drama \u003cem\u003eScandal\u003c\/em\u003e (2012–18)—a series whose tremendous success and marketing savvy led \u003cem\u003eLA Times\u003c\/em\u003e critic Mary McNamara to hail it as \"\"the show that Twitter built\"\" and \u003cem\u003eTime \u003c\/em\u003emagazine to name its protagonist as one of the most influential fictional characters of 2013. The series portrays a fictional Washington, DC, and features a diverse group of characters, racially and otherwise, who gather around the show's antiheroine, Olivia Pope, a powerful crisis manager who happens to have an extramarital affair with the president of the United States. For seven seasons, audiences learned a great deal about Olivia and those interwoven in her complex world of politics and drama, including her team of \"\"gladiators in suits,\"\" with whom she manages the crises of Washington's political elite. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis volume, named for both Olivia's team and the show's fans, analyzes the communication, politics, stereotypes, and genre techniques featured in the television series while raising key questions about the intersections of race, gender, sexuality, and viewing audiences. The essays range from critical looks at various members of \u003cem\u003eScandal's\u003c\/em\u003e ensemble, to in-depth analyses of the show's central themes, to audience reception studies via interviews and social media analysis. Additionally, the volume contributes to research on femininity, masculinity, and representations of black womanhood on television. Ultimately, this collection offers original and timely perspectives on what was one of America's most \"\"scandalous\"\" prime-time network television series.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Paperback","offer_id":57688208474485,"sku":"9780815636403","price":31.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true},{"title":"Hardback","offer_id":56295076168053,"sku":"9780815636229","price":64.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815636403.jpg?v=1792686135"},{"product_id":"9780815638384","title":"What the War Left Behind","description":"\u003cp\u003eConspicuously missing from narratives of the Lebanese Civil War are the stories of women who took part in daily social activism and political organizing during the tumultuous conflict. \u003ci\u003eWhat the War Left Behind \u003c\/i\u003edocuments their stories, with eight women directly sharing their experiences of action and survival through the hardship of war. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ci\u003eWhat the War Left Behind\u003c\/i\u003e brings together oral histories of women from a range of political affiliations, socioeconomic classes, and religious identities. 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These characters form the heart of this wry, often poignant novel narrated through a series of vignettes. They are joined by a colorful cast of characters who frequent the literary café—long-married couples, young lovers, an eccentric poet, and a traumatized veteran—all finding refuge and occasionally wisdom among their motley urban community.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eClosely based on Ehrlich’s own experiences over the twenty-five years he devoted to running a café that became an important Jerusalem cultural venue and landmark, \u003ci\u003eCafé Shira\u003c\/i\u003e is a work of disarming tenderness and bittersweet love.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295092650357,"sku":"9780815611424","price":16.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611424_54474ee0-ce29-495e-8610-b95c9497d0fc.jpg?v=1786016085"},{"product_id":"9780815611844","title":"Living Law","description":"When modern debates about Islamic law and women’s rights make headlines, they often overlook centuries of history where Muslim women actively engaged with and shaped Islamic legal traditions. 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Admiral demonstrates how the Maliki legal tradition in Morocco—a region that remained outside Ottoman control—provided women with tools to renegotiate their rights through contract stipulations and consultations with local scholars. The result is a nuanced portrait of how Islamic law functioned not as an unchangeable divine mandate, but as a living tradition shaped by the communities it served.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56295092715893,"sku":"9780815611844","price":52.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815611844_a8589552-5d76-4298-b713-797c662c3aee.jpg?v=1786016092"},{"product_id":"9780815637875","title":"Errancies of Desire","description":"Social commentators, psychologists, and journalists all point to the idea that in the new millennium, traditional masculinity is in crisis. 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Through incisive readings of over two centuries of Irish novels, the volume’s contributors illuminate the diverse narrative strategies Irish authors have employed to depict personal formation within a colonial\/postcolonial nation fractured by religion, class, gender, and ethnic divisions.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eCarefully periodized into three major sections, the book maps the evolution of the Irish Bildungsroman across key historical junctures: the rise of cultural nationalism in the nineteenth century, the revolutionary period and emergence of the postcolonial state in the early twentieth century, and more recent waves of globalization and the reconfiguration of Irish identity. 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As tributaries, these Native tribes had special duties and rights recognized by the colony, but they also had to navigate a new world thrust upon them by the colonial government and white settlers.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eHistorian David La Vere argues that through this devious sleight of hand, the colony erased these groups’ designation as \"Indians,\" eliding their official, documented existence. The paper genocide of these Native peoples of eastern North Carolina reinforced the growing binary of Black and white society with no place for Native Americans. La Vere traces the process of racialization for both the Native American and wider North Carolinian populations in the decades that followed the war, using previously undiscovered material to chart the dehumanization that occurred as well as the repercussions of the tributary policies that were still felt nearly 200 years after the conflict.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56311966204277,"sku":"9780815638360","price":26.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780815638360_8105c0de-e19b-42e3-9345-9d5c8bc040be.jpg?v=1786016141"},{"product_id":"9780815636441","title":"The Odyssey of an Apple Thief","description":"In \u003cem\u003eThe Odyssey of an Apple Thief, \u003c\/em\u003eMoishe Rozenbaumas (1922–2016) recounts his fascinating life, from his Lithuanian boyhood, to the fraught experiences that take him across Europe and Central Asia and back again, to his daring escape from Soviet Russia to build a new life in Paris. 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Marion Quirici identifies models of citizenship and creative autonomy in Irish modernist literature that valorize vulnerability over ability and interdependence over independence. She uncovers a history in which an entire nation, Ireland, was characterized as disabled and therefore \"not fit for freedom.\" Beyond symbolism, the Famine and decades of emigration led to a perception that Ireland’s racial stocks were depleted, and that those who remained were feeble and few. \u003cbr\u003e \u003cbr\u003e The fraught relationship between disability and Irishness provides context for Quirici’s analysis of modernist Irish literature. Revivalists such as William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, Pádraic Pearse, and the Gaelic Athletic Association created new mythologies of Irish ability to counter imperial stereotypes, tacitly reinforcing the idea of disability as a disqualification for sovereignty. Certain Irish modernists, however—James Joyce, Edna O’Brien, Samuel Beckett, Brian O’Nolan, and Christy Brown—called the \"fitness for freedom\" ideology into question. These authors allow us to disentangle disability from unfitness and scrutinize its relationship to liberation. 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