{"title":"Books by Aristotle","description":null,"products":[{"product_id":"9780140446197","title":"The Metaphysics","description":"\u003cb\u003eAristotle's probing inquiry into some of the fundamental problems of philosophy,\u003ci\u003e The Metaphysics\u003c\/i\u003e is one of the classical Greek foundation-stones of western thought\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eThe Metaphysics\u003c\/i\u003e presents Aristotle's mature rejection of both the Platonic theory that what we perceive is just a pale reflection of reality and the hard-headed view that all processes are ultimately material. He argued instead that the reality or substance of things lies in their concrete forms, and in so doing he probed some of the deepest questions of philosophy: What is existence? How is change possible? And are there certain things that must exist for anything else to exist at all? The seminal notions discussed in \u003ci\u003eThe Metaphysics\u003c\/i\u003e - of 'substance' and associated concepts of matter and form, essence and accident, potentiality and actuality - have had a profound and enduring influence, and laid the foundations for one of the central branches of Western philosophy. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn this edition Hugh Lawson-Tancred's lucid translation is accompanied by a stimulating introduction in which he highlights the central themes of one of philosophy's supreme masterpieces. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFor more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43201392345266,"sku":"9780140446197","price":12.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780140446197.jpg?v=1786011832"},{"product_id":"9780140446364","title":"Poetics","description":"\u003cb\u003eEssential reading for all students of Greek theatre and literature, and equally stimulating for anyone interested in literature \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIn the \u003ci\u003ePoetics\u003c\/i\u003e, his near-contemporary account of classical Greek tragedy, Aristotle examine the dramatic elements of plot, character, language and spectacle that combine to produce pity and fear in the audience, and asks why we derive pleasure from this apparently painful process. Taking examples from the plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, the Poetics introduced into literary criticism such central concepts as mimesis ('imitation'), hamartia ('error') and katharsis, which have informed serious thinking about drama ever since. Aristotle explains how the most effective tragedies rely on complication and resolution, recognition and reversals, while centring on chaaracerts of heroic stature, idealised yet true to life. One of the most perceptive and influential works of criticism in Western literary history, the\u003ci\u003e Poetics\u003c\/i\u003e has informed serious thinking about drama  ever since. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eMalcolm Heath's lucid translation makes the \u003ci\u003ePoetics \u003c\/i\u003efully accessible to the modern reader. In this edition it is accompanied by an extended introduction, which discusses the key concepts in detail, and includes suggestions for further reading. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFor more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43201429799090,"sku":"9780140446364","price":9.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780140446364.jpg?v=1786011836"},{"product_id":"9780140445107","title":"The Art of Rhetoric","description":"\u003cb\u003eHugely influential upon Western culture, this fascinating consideration of the force of persuasion is a compelling guide to the principles behind oratorical skill.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWith the emergence of democracy in the city-state of Athens in the years around 460 BC, public speaking became an essential skill for politicians in the Assemblies and Councils—and even for ordinary citizens in the courts of law. In response, the technique of rhetoric rapidly developed, bringing virtuoso performances and a host of practical manuals for the layman. While many of these were little more than collections of debaters' tricks, \u003ci\u003eThe Art of Rhetoric\u003c\/i\u003e held a far deeper purpose. Here Aristotle establishes the methods of informal reasoning, provides the first aesthetic evaluation of prose style and offers detailed observations on character and the emotions.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003ePenguin Classics is the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world, representing a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43201453490354,"sku":"9780140445107","price":12.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780140445107_5cb6b22b-097f-4d71-ab55-97b981300875.jpg?v=1786011789"},{"product_id":"9780199608362","title":"Poetics","description":"'What is poetry, how many kinds of it are there, and what are their specific effects?'Aristotle's Poetics is the most influential book on poetry ever written. A founding text of European aesthetics and literary criticism, from it stems much of our modern understanding of the creation and impact of imaginative writing, including poetry, drama, and fiction. For Aristotle, the art of representation conveys universal truths which we can appreciate more easily than the lessons of history or philosophy. In his short treatise Aristotle discusses the origins of poetry and its early development, the nature of tragedy and plot, and offers practical advice to playwrights. This new translation by Anthony Kenny is accompanied by associated material from Plato and a range of responses from more modern literary practitioners: Sir Philip Sidney, P. B. Shelley, and Dorothy L. Sayers. The book includes a wide-ranging introduction and notes, making this the most accessible and attractive modern edition. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43201531969714,"sku":"9780199608362","price":9.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780199608362_79df8546-bf63-4ffa-94cc-8ac853ee1e26.jpg?v=1786012482"},{"product_id":"9780199588213","title":"On the Soul","description":"'. . . the more honourable animals have been allotted a more honourable soul. . . 'What is the nature of the soul? It is this question that Aristotle sought to answer in De Anima (On the Soul). In doing so he offers a psychological theory that encompasses not only human beings but all living beings. Its basic thesis, that the soul is the form of an organic body, sets it in sharp contrast with both Pre-Socratic physicalism and Platonic dualism. On the Soul contains Aristotle's definition of the soul, and his explanations of nutrition, perception, cognition, and animal self-motion. The general theory in De Anima is augmented in the shorter works of Parva Naturalia, which deal with perception, memory and recollection, sleep and dreams, longevity, life-cycles, and psycho-physiology.This new translation brings together all of Aristotle's extant and complementary psychological works, and adds as a supplement ancient testimony concerning his lost writings dealing with the soul. The introduction by Fred D. Miller, Jr. explains the central place of the soul in Aristotle's natural science, the unifying themes of his psychological theory, and his continuing relevance for modern philosophy and psychology.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43403926929586,"sku":"9780199588213","price":10.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780199588213_40dfbbf4-c81b-4a9a-a6e5-3cc4bd7c87d8.jpg?v=1786012393"},{"product_id":"9780007920693","title":"Art of Rhetoric","description":"\u003cp\u003eHarperCollins is proud to present our range of timeless literary classics.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRhetoric may be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDating from the fourth century BCE, Art of Rhetoric continues to be regarded as the most important work on the art of persuasion.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith the advent of democracy in Ancient Greece, public speaking became a vital tool to garner influence and shape the world. This famous treatise provided methods and observations of reasoning and debate. From Aristotle, the grandfather of philosophy, student of Plato, and teacher of Alexander the Great, this practical guide serves as a practical manual and comprehensive introduction to this ancient art – for students of philosophy and for anyone looking to improve their skills of persuasion.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56220549415285,"sku":"9780007920693","price":3.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780007920693_32c76a07-189a-489a-92c4-258c11c538f4.jpg?v=1785658980"},{"product_id":"9780140444711","title":"De Anima (On the Soul)","description":"For the Pre-Socratic philosophers the soul was the source of movement and sensation, while for Plato it was the seat of being, metaphysically distinct from the body that it was forced temporarily to inhabit. Plato's student Aristotle was determined to test the truth of both these beliefs against the emerging sciences of logic and biology. His examination of the huge variety of living organisms - the enormous range of their behaviour, their powers and their perceptual sophistication - convinced him of the inadequacy both of a materialist reduction and of a Platonic sublimation of the soul. In \u003ci\u003eDe Anima\u003c\/i\u003e, he sought to set out his theory of the soul as the ultimate reality of embodied form and produced both a masterpiece of philosophical insight and a psychology of perennially fascinating subtlety.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFor more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56224146260341,"sku":"9780140444711","price":12.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780140444711_b43e5bbc-5128-42b6-af85-9180d33d8877.jpg?v=1786011776"},{"product_id":"9780140444315","title":"The Athenian Constitution","description":"Probably written by a student of Aristotle, \u003ci\u003eThe Athenian Constitution\u003c\/i\u003e is both a history and an analysis of Athens' political machinery between the seventh and fourth centuries BC, which stands as a model of democracy at a time when city-states lived under differing kinds of government. The writer recounts the major reforms of Solon, the rule of the tyrant Pisistratus and his sons, the emergence of the democracy in which power was shared by all free male citizens, and the leadership of Pericles and the demagogues who followed him. He goes on to examine the city's administration in his own time - the council, the officials and the judicial system. For its information on Athens' development and how the democracy worked, \u003ci\u003eThe Athenian Constitution\u003c\/i\u003e is an invaluable source of knowledge about the Athenian city-state.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFor more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56224326156661,"sku":"9780140444315","price":10.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780140444315_2c1931d9-72ae-4d14-9faf-f8d6c2f3e57f.jpg?v=1786011759"},{"product_id":"9780140455472","title":"The Nicomachean Ethics","description":"\u003cb\u003eA new translation of one of the most important philosophical works of all time\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA Penguin Classic\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Aristotle’s classic treatise is based on his famous doctrine of the golden mean, which advocates taking the middle course between excess and deficiency. Reacting against Plato’s absolutism, Aristotle insisted that there are no definitive moral standards and that ethical philosophy must be based on human nature and experience.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Treating such topics as moral worth, intellectual virtue, pleasure, friendship, and happiness, \u003ci\u003eThe Nicomachean Ethics\u003c\/i\u003e asks above all: What is the good life, and how can we live it?","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56224391561589,"sku":"9780140455472","price":10.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780140455472_95d7a4ef-23a9-4087-88d1-727b0aebec1e.jpg?v=1786011097"},{"product_id":"9780199213610","title":"The Nicomachean Ethics","description":"'Happiness, then, is the best, noblest, and most pleasant thing in the world.'In the Nicomachean Ethics  Aristotle's guiding question is: what is the best thing for a human being? His answer is happiness, but he means, not something we feel, but rather a specially good kind of life. Happiness is made up of activities in which we use the best human capacities, both ones that contribute to our flourishing as members of a community, and ones that allow us to engage in god-like contemplation. Contemporary ethical writings on the role and importance of the moral virtues such as courage and justice have drawn inspiration from this work, which also contains important discussions on responsibility for actions, on the nature of practical reasoning, and on friendship and its role in the best life. This new edition retains and lightly revises David Ross's justly admired translation. It also includes a valuable introduction to this seminal work, and notes designed to elucidate Aristotle's arguments. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56226836152693,"sku":"9780199213610","price":8.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780199213610_23165652-53dd-4c75-aab6-094039945b1a.jpg?v=1786012279"},{"product_id":"9780199540280","title":"Physics","description":"For many centuries, Aristotle's Physics was the essential starting point for anyone who wished to study the natural sciencesThis book begins with an analysis of change, which introduces us to Aristotle's central concepts of matter and form, before moving on to an account of explanation in the sciences and a defence of teleological explanation. Aristotle then turns to detailed, important, and often ingenious discussions of notions such as infinity, place, void, time, and conintuity. He ends with an argument designed to show that the changes we experience in the world demand as their cause a single unchanging cause of all change, namely God.This is the first complete translation of Physics into English since 1930. It presents Aristotle's thought accurately, while at the same time simplifying and expanding the often crabbed and elliptical style of the original, so that it is very much easier to read. A lucid introduction and extensive notes explain the general structure of each section of the book and shed light on particular problems. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56227136897397,"sku":"9780199540280","price":9.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780199540280_0be49a57-5b62-46c3-b0a4-1ef241c30e42.jpg?v=1786012895"},{"product_id":"9780226026756","title":"Aristotle′s Nicomachean Ethics","description":"The \"Nicomachean Ethics\" is one of Aristotle's most widely read and influential works. Ideas central to ethics - that happiness is the end of human endeavor, that moral virtue is formed through action and habituation, and that good action requires prudence - found their most powerful proponent in the person medieval scholars simply called \"the Philosopher.\" Drawing on their intimate knowledge of Aristotle's thought, Robert C. Bartlett and Susan D. Collins have produced here an English-language translation of the \"Ethics\" that is as remarkably faithful to the original as it is graceful in its rendering. Aristotle is well known for the precision with which he chooses his words, and in this elegant translation his work has found its ideal match. Bartlett and Collins provide copious notes and a glossary providing context and further explanation for students, as well as an introduction and a substantial interpretive essay that sketch central arguments of the work and the seminal place of Aristotle's \"Ethics\" in his political philosophy as a whole.   The \"Nicomachean Ethics\" has engaged the serious interest of readers across centuries and civilizations - of people ancient, medieval, and modern; pagan, Christian, Muslim, and Jewish - and this new edition will take its place as the standard English-language translation.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56227499049333,"sku":"9780226026756","price":15.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780226026756_c5269145-a9f1-4cfc-b699-11a62cacefa1.jpg?v=1786012254"},{"product_id":"9780199586431","title":"The Eudemian Ethics","description":"'We are looking for the things that enable us to live a noble and happy life...and what prospects decent people will have of acquiring any of them.'The Eudemian Ethics is a major treatise on moral philosophy whose central concern is what makes life worth living. Aristotle considers the role of happiness, and what happiness consists of, and he analyses various factors that contribute to it: human agency, the relation between action and virtue, and the concept of virtue itself. Moral and intellectual virtues are classified and considered, and finally the roles of friendship and pleasure. It deals with the same issues as the better-known Nicomachean Ethics, with which it holds three books in common, and its special qualities, as well as the similarities and differences between the two works, are of fundamental concern to anyone interested in Aristotle's philosophy.This is the first time the Eudemian Ethics has been published in its entirety in any modern language. Anthony Kenny's fine translation is accompanied by a lucid introduction and explanatory notes, which assist the reader in understanding this important work. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56227774234997,"sku":"9780199586431","price":8.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780199586431_f5fdacfc-4809-4680-b575-bfb8b2df7325.jpg?v=1786012381"},{"product_id":"9780226921846","title":"Aristotle′s \"Politics\" 2e","description":"One of the fundamental works of Western political thought, Aristotle's masterwork is the first systematic treatise on the science of politics. For almost three decades, Carnes Lord's justly acclaimed translation has served as the standard English edition. Widely regarded as the most faithful to both the original Greek and Aristotle's distinctive style, it is also written in clear, contemporary English. This new edition of the Politics retains and adds to Lord's already extensive notes, clarifying the flow of Aristotle's argument and identifying literary and historical references. A glossary defines key terms in Aristotle's philosophical-political vocabulary. Lord has made revisions to problematic passages throughout the translation in order to enhance both its accuracy and its readability. He has also substantially revised his introduction for the new edition, presenting an account of Aristotle's life in relation to political events of his time; the character and history of his writings and of the Politics in particular; his overall conception of political science; and his impact on subsequent political thought from antiquity to the present.   Further enhancing this new edition is an up-to-date selected bibliography.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56228760617333,"sku":"9780226921846","price":16.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780226921846_17c591ee-73bd-402c-a178-8067434aaaac.jpg?v=1786012646"},{"product_id":"9780393952162","title":"Aristotle′s Poetics","description":"Aristotle's doctrines are basic to every critical discussion of Greek tragedy and of other literary forms. Although the Poetics has often been denounced or rejected, such rejection is usually the result of a misunderstanding of what Aristotle says. And that is where Hutton's work is uniquely important.   Commentators have long recognized the need to view the Poetics in the context of its creation and it re-emergence in the Renaissance. Few, if any, however, have had the necessary combination of talents that James Hutton possessed as an accomplished Hellenist with a particularly strong background in Greek philosophy, a graceful stylist in English, and a leading authority on the Renaissance humanists.   To supplement his translation, Hutton has provided full explanatory and glossarial notes. In his introduction he discusses the work in terms of Aristotelian thought and its Platonic roots, thereby correcting the dogmatism that often attends study of the Poetics. The introduction also fully outlines the work's historical influence.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56289699529077,"sku":"9780393952162","price":17.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780393952162_56143190-b02e-4b00-9e0c-49209c4eb193.jpg?v=1786013893"},{"product_id":"9780486295770","title":"Poetics","description":"Among the most influential books in Western civilization, the Poetics is really a treatise on fine art. It offers seminal ideas on the nature of drama, tragedy, poetry, music and more, including such concepts as catharsis, the tragic flaw, unities of time and place and other rules of drama.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56290902573429,"sku":"9780486295770","price":3.49,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780486295770_713259e6-7fce-4b45-9041-caad636a8a61.jpg?v=1786013406"},{"product_id":"9780486817491","title":"The Metaphysics","description":"This treatise by the ancient Greek philosopher offers a fine introduction to classical metaphysics, a foundational area in the history of science. Aristotle employs the dialectical method, reasoning from reliable opinions rather than known truths, to refute skepticism, demonstrate God's existence, compare metaphysics to the other sciences, elucidate the nature of the infinite, and explore other major philosophical issues.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56291022406005,"sku":"9780486817491","price":11.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780486817491_06600b88-ecf5-442d-bd02-ddf17353186f.jpg?v=1786013793"},{"product_id":"9780674992993","title":"Metaphysics, Volume I – Books 1–9 (Greek)","description":"First things.   Aristotle,  great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at  Stagirus in 384 BC, was the son of a physician. He studied under Plato  at Athens and taught there (367–347); subsequently he spent three years  at the court of a former pupil in Asia Minor. After some time at  Mitylene, in 343–342 he was appointed by King Philip of Macedon to be  tutor of his teen-aged son Alexander. After Philip’s death in 336,  Aristotle became head of his own school (of “Peripatetics”), the Lyceum  at Athens. Because of anti-Macedonian feeling there after Alexander’s  death in 323, he withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died in 322.   Nearly  all the works Aristotle prepared for publication are lost; the  priceless ones extant are lecture-materials, notes, and memoranda (some  are spurious). They can be categorized as follows:I Practical:  Nicomachean Ethics; Great Ethics (Magna Moralia); Eudemian Ethics;  Politics; Economics (on the good of the family); On Virtues and Vices.   II Logical: Categories; Analytics (Prior and Posterior); Interpretation; Refutations used by Sophists; Topica.   III Physical:  Twenty-six works (some suspect) including astronomy, generation and  destruction, the senses, memory, sleep, dreams, life, facts about  animals, etc.   IV Metaphysics: on being as being.   V Art: Rhetoric and Poetics.   VI Other works including the Constitution of Athens; more works also of doubtful authorship.   VII  Fragments of various works such as dialogues on philosophy and  literature; and of treatises on rhetoric, politics, and metaphysics.   The Loeb Classical Library edition of Aristotle is in twenty-three volumes.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56292826120565,"sku":"9780674992993","price":24.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780674992993_480457a8-9ba8-47da-bbf7-e0d783e390e7.jpg?v=1786032900"},{"product_id":"9780674997325","title":"Art of Rhetoric","description":"Persuasion analyzed.   Aristotle (384–322 BC), the great Greek thinker, researcher, and educator, ranks among the most important and influential figures in the history of philosophy, theology, and science. He joined Plato’s Academy in Athens in 367 and remained there for twenty years. After spending three years at the Asian court of a former pupil, Hermeias, where he married Pythias, one of Hermeias’ relations, and living for a time at Mytilene, he was appointed by Philip of Macedon in 343\/2 to become tutor of his teenaged son, Alexander. After Philip’s death in 336, Aristotle became head of his own school, the Lyceum at Athens, whose followers were known as the Peripatetics. Because of anti-Macedonian feeling in Athens after Alexander’s death in 323, Aristotle withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died in 322.   Aristotle wrote voluminously on a broad range of subjects analytical, practical, and theoretical, but nearly all the works that he prepared for publication are lost; extant are lecture-materials, notes, and memoranda, some spurious. Rhetoric, a manual for public speakers, was probably composed while Aristotle was still at the Academy and Isocrates was still alive. Instead of the sophistic and Isocratean method of imitating model speeches, Aristotle devised a systematic method based in dialectic, on which he had recently written the first manual. The goal of rhetoric is to find the available means of persuasion for any given case using argument, the character of the speaker, and the emotions of the audience. Rhetoric, he says, is “a kind of offshoot from dialectic and the study of character, which is justly called the science of politics.”This edition of Aristotle’s Rhetoric, which replaces the original Loeb edition by J. H. Freese, supplies a Greek text based on that of Rudolf Kassel, a fresh translation, and ample annotation fully current with modern scholarship.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56292869702005,"sku":"9780674997325","price":24.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780674997325_2657bd1c-d7f5-411c-9f51-8c369c5b0110.jpg?v=1786032930"},{"product_id":"9780674993594","title":"Categories. On Interpretation. Prior Analytics L325 V 1 (Trans. Cooke)(Greek)","description":"The philosopher’s toolkit.   Aristotle,  great Greek philosopher,  researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at  Stagirus in 384 BC, was the  son of a physician. He studied under Plato  at Athens and taught there  (367–347); subsequently he spent three years  at the court of a former  pupil in Asia Minor. After some time at  Mitylene, in 343–342 he was  appointed by King Philip of Macedon to be  tutor of his teen-aged son  Alexander. After Philip’s death in 336,  Aristotle became head of his  own school (of “Peripatetics”), the Lyceum  at Athens. Because of  anti-Macedonian feeling there after Alexander’s  death in 323, he  withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died in 322.   Nearly  all  the works Aristotle prepared for publication are lost; the  priceless  ones extant are lecture-materials, notes, and memoranda (some  are  spurious). They can be categorized as follows:I Practical:   Nicomachean Ethics; Great Ethics (Magna Moralia); Eudemian Ethics;   Politics; Economics (on the good of the family); On Virtues and Vices.   II Logical: Categories; Analytics (Prior and Posterior); Interpretation; Refutations used by Sophists; Topica.   III Physical:   Twenty-six works (some suspect) including astronomy, generation and   destruction, the senses, memory, sleep, dreams, life, facts about   animals, etc.   IV Metaphysics: on being as being.   V Art: Rhetoric and Poetics.   VI Other works including the Constitution of Athens; more works also of doubtful authorship.   VII   Fragments of various works such as dialogues on philosophy and   literature; and of treatises on rhetoric, politics, and metaphysics.   The Loeb Classical Library edition of Aristotle is in twenty-three volumes.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56293068341621,"sku":"9780674993594","price":24.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780674993594_9ea75a9f-a5e6-4308-83bb-0f113a150132.jpg?v=1786015074"},{"product_id":"9780674992818","title":"Physics, Volume II – Books 5–8 (Greek)","description":"Natural causes.   Aristotle,  great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at  Stagirus in 384 BC, was the son of a physician. He studied under Plato  at Athens and taught there (367–347); subsequently he spent three years  at the court of a former pupil in Asia Minor. After some time at  Mitylene, in 343–342 he was appointed by King Philip of Macedon to be  tutor of his teen-aged son Alexander. After Philip’s death in 336,  Aristotle became head of his own school (of “Peripatetics”), the Lyceum  at Athens. Because of anti-Macedonian feeling there after Alexander’s  death in 323, he withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died in 322.   Nearly  all the works Aristotle prepared for publication are lost; the  priceless ones extant are lecture-materials, notes, and memoranda (some  are spurious). They can be categorized as follows:I Practical:  Nicomachean Ethics; Great Ethics (Magna Moralia); Eudemian Ethics;  Politics; Economics (on the good of the family); On Virtues and Vices.   II Logical: Categories; Analytics (Prior and Posterior); Interpretation; Refutations used by Sophists; Topica.   III Physical:  Twenty-six works (some suspect) including astronomy, generation and  destruction, the senses, memory, sleep, dreams, life, facts about  animals, etc.   IV Metaphysics: on being as being.   V Art: Rhetoric and Poetics.   VI Other works including the Constitution of Athens; more works also of doubtful authorship.   VII  Fragments of various works such as dialogues on philosophy and  literature; and of treatises on rhetoric, politics, and metaphysics.   The Loeb Classical Library® edition of Aristotle is in twenty-three volumes.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56293116215669,"sku":"9780674992818","price":24.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780674992818_ba86b3d4-9281-4d95-bb04-18f7286fa96a.jpg?v=1786015053"},{"product_id":"9780691205274","title":"How to Tell a Story – An Ancient Guide to the Art of Storytelling for Writers and Readers","description":"An inviting and highly readable new translation of Aristotle’s complete Poetics—the first and best introduction to the art of writing and understanding storiesAristotle’s Poetics is the most important book ever written for writers and readers of stories—whether novels, short fiction, plays, screenplays, or nonfiction. Aristotle was the first to identify the keys to plot, character, audience perception, tragic pleasure, and dozens of other critical points of good storytelling. Despite being written more than 2,000 years ago, the Poetics remains essential reading for anyone who wants to learn how to write a captivating story—or understand how such stories work and achieve their psychological effects. Yet for all its influence, the Poetics is too little read because it comes down to us in a form that is often difficult to follow, and even the best translations are geared more to specialists than to general readers who simply want to grasp Aristotle’s profound and practical insights. In How to Tell a Story, Philip Freeman presents the most readable translation of the Poetics yet produced, making this indispensable handbook more accessible, engaging, and useful than ever before.   In addition to its inviting and reliable translation, a commentary on each section, and the original Greek on facing pages, this edition of the Poetics features unique bullet points, chapter headings, and section numbers to help guide readers through Aristotle’s unmatched introduction to the art of writing and reading stories.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56293168087413,"sku":"9780691205274","price":14.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780691205274_cd0c75be-1d71-4569-8869-779e565cbff6.jpg?v=1786015258"},{"product_id":"9780674990814","title":"Nicomachean Ethics (Greek)","description":"Antiquity’s most influential account of life’s Supreme Good.   Aristotle, great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at Stagirus in 384 BC, was the son of a physician. He studied under Plato at Athens and taught there (367–347); subsequently he spent three years at the court of a former pupil in Asia Minor. After some time at Mitylene, in 343–342 he was appointed by King Philip of Macedon to be tutor of his teen-aged son Alexander. After Philip’s death in 336, Aristotle became head of his own school (of “Peripatetics”), the Lyceum at Athens. Because of anti-Macedonian feeling there after Alexander’s death in 323, he withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died in 322.   Nearly all the works Aristotle prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture-materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious). They can be categorized as follows:I Practical: Nicomachean Ethics; Great Ethics (Magna Moralia); Eudemian Ethics; Politics; Economics (on the good of the family); On Virtues and Vices.   II Logical: Categories; Analytics (Prior and Posterior); Interpretation; Refutations used by Sophists; Topica.   III Physical: Twenty-six works (some suspect) including astronomy, generation and destruction, the senses, memory, sleep, dreams, life, facts about animals, etc.   IV Metaphysics: on being as being.   V Art: Rhetoric and Poetics.   VI Other works including the Constitution of Athens; more works also of doubtful authorship.   VII Fragments of various works such as dialogues on philosophy and literature; and of treatises on rhetoric, politics, and metaphysics.   The Loeb Classical Library edition of Aristotle is in twenty-three volumes.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294324240757,"sku":"9780674990814","price":24.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780674990814_1160d3d4-6849-44d1-a80d-901ce29037e0.jpg?v=1786014995"},{"product_id":"9780674994416","title":"On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming–to–be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos (Trans. Forster)(Greek)","description":"Fallacies, contraries, consistencies.   Aristotle,  great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at  Stagirus in 384 BC, was the son of a physician. He studied under Plato  at Athens and taught there (367–347); subsequently he spent three years  at the court of a former pupil in Asia Minor. After some time at  Mitylene, in 343–342 he was appointed by King Philip of Macedon to be  tutor of his teen-aged son Alexander. After Philip’s death in 336,  Aristotle became head of his own school (of “Peripatetics”), the Lyceum  at Athens. Because of anti-Macedonian feeling there after Alexander’s  death in 323, he withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died in 322.   Nearly  all the works Aristotle prepared for publication are lost; the  priceless ones extant are lecture-materials, notes, and memoranda (some  are spurious). They can be categorized as follows:I Practical:  Nicomachean Ethics; Great Ethics (Magna Moralia); Eudemian Ethics;  Politics; Economics (on the good of the family); On Virtues and Vices.   II Logical: Categories; Analytics (Prior and Posterior); Interpretation; Refutations used by Sophists; Topica.   III Physical:  Twenty-six works (some suspect) including astronomy, generation and  destruction, the senses, memory, sleep, dreams, life, facts about  animals, etc.   IV Metaphysics: on being as being.   V Art: Rhetoric and Poetics.   VI Other works including the Constitution of Athens; more works also of doubtful authorship.   VII  Fragments of various works such as dialogues on philosophy and  literature; and of treatises on rhetoric, politics, and metaphysics.   The Loeb Classical Library edition of Aristotle is in twenty-three volumes.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294358483317,"sku":"9780674994416","price":24.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780674994416_b612a81f-2c74-4e04-b321-d04772899c47.jpg?v=1786015097"},{"product_id":"9780674993723","title":"On the Heavens","description":"Peripatetic cosmology.   Aristotle,  great Greek  philosopher,  researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at  Stagirus in 384  BC, was the  son of a physician. He studied under Plato  at Athens and  taught there  (367–347); subsequently he spent three years  at the court  of a former  pupil in Asia Minor. After some time at  Mitylene, in  343–342 he was  appointed by King Philip of Macedon to be  tutor of his  teen-aged son  Alexander. After Philip’s death in 336,  Aristotle became  head of his  own school (of “Peripatetics”), the Lyceum  at Athens.  Because of  anti-Macedonian feeling there after Alexander’s  death in  323, he  withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, where he died in 322.   Nearly   all  the works Aristotle prepared for publication are lost; the   priceless  ones extant are lecture-materials, notes, and memoranda (some   are  spurious). They can be categorized as follows:I Practical:    Nicomachean Ethics; Great Ethics (Magna Moralia); Eudemian Ethics;    Politics; Economics (on the good of the family); On Virtues and Vices.   II Logical: Categories; Analytics (Prior and Posterior); Interpretation; Refutations used by Sophists; Topica.   III Physical:    Twenty-six works (some suspect) including astronomy, generation and    destruction, the senses, memory, sleep, dreams, life, facts about    animals, etc.   IV Metaphysics: on being as being.   V Art: Rhetoric and Poetics.   VI Other works including the Constitution of Athens; more works also of doubtful authorship.   VII    Fragments of various works such as dialogues on philosophy and    literature; and of treatises on rhetoric, politics, and metaphysics.   The Loeb Classical Library edition of Aristotle is in twenty-three volumes.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294398624117,"sku":"9780674993723","price":24.95,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780674993723_ce03329e-fa53-4565-8f3c-1daa81c6e06d.jpg?v=1786032904"},{"product_id":"9780691016511","title":"The Complete Works of Aristotle, Volume Two – The Revised Oxford Translation","description":"The Oxford Translation of Aristotle was originally published in 12 volumes between 1912 and 1954. It is universally recognized as the standard English version of Aristotle. This revised edition contains the substance of the original Translation, slightly emended in light of recent scholarship; three of the original versions have been replaced by new translations; and a new and enlarged selection of Fragments has been added. The aim of the translation remains the same: to make the surviving works of Aristotle readily accessible to English speaking readers.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294428017013,"sku":"9780691016511","price":55.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780691016511_9d69abe4-b1a7-40a2-9724-ff061f268e4f.jpg?v=1786014542"},{"product_id":"9780691016504","title":"The Complete Works of Aristotle, Volume One – The Revised Oxford Translation","description":"The Oxford Translation of Aristotle was originally published in 12 volumes between 1912 and 1954. It is universally recognized as the standard English version of Aristotle. This revised edition contains the substance of the original Translation, slightly emended in light of recent scholarship; three of the original versions have been replaced by new translations; and a new and enlarged selection of Fragments has been added. The aim of the translation remains the same: to make the surviving works of Aristotle readily accessible to English speaking readers.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294500565365,"sku":"9780691016504","price":55.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780691016504_fc4a9f5c-e01a-46c4-842d-00bb437721c3.jpg?v=1786014541"},{"product_id":"9780691173450","title":"Aristotle`s Politics – Writings from the Complete Works – Politics, Economics, Constitution of Athens","description":"Aristotle was the first philosopher in the Western tradition to address politics systematically and empirically, and he remains a central figure in political theory. This essential volume presents Aristotle's complete political writings--including his Politics, Economics, and Constitution of Athens--in their most authoritative translations, taken from the complete works that is universally recognized as the standard English edition. Edited by Jonathan Barnes, one of the world's leading scholars of ancient philosophy, and with an illuminating introduction by Melissa Lane, an authority on ancient political philosophy, this compact but comprehensive volume will be invaluable for all students of politics, philosophy, classics, or Western thought.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56294550274421,"sku":"9780691173450","price":25.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9780691173450_b0a3e396-74b5-473b-9b3e-1f11d0aa5bfe.jpg?v=1786014891"},{"product_id":"9781107612235","title":"Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics","description":"This new edition of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics is an accurate, readable and accessible translation of one of the world's greatest ethical works. Based on lectures Aristotle gave in Athens in the fourth century BCE, Nicomachean Ethics is one of the most significant works in moral philosophy, and has profoundly influenced the whole course of subsequent philosophical endeavour. It offers seminal, practically oriented discussions of many central ethical issues, including the role of luck in human well-being, moral education, responsibility, courage, justice, moral weakness, friendship and pleasure, with an emphasis on the exercise of virtue as the key to human happiness. This second edition offers an updated editor's introduction and suggestions for further reading, and incorporates the line numbers as well as the page numbers of the Greek text. With its emphasis on accuracy and readability, it will enable readers without Greek to come as close as possible to Aristotle's work.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56296292843893,"sku":"9781107612235","price":23.0,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9781107612235_fe71fafb-d71e-4067-bda7-a47688d4d0c4.jpg?v=1786018211"},{"product_id":"9781387782154","title":"Poetics","description":"In Poetics, Aristotle sets about laying the foundations of critical thought about the arts. One of the most influential books in Western civilization, Poetics reveals not only a great intellect analyzing the nature of poetry, music, and drama, but also a down-to-earth understanding of the practical problems facing the poet and playwright.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56298239918453,"sku":"9781387782154","price":20.57,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9781387782154_6d051c67-d928-4044-bee9-742310f45470.jpg?v=1786018325"},{"product_id":"9781624664397","title":"Metaphysics","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis new translation of Aristotle's \u003cem\u003eMetaphysics\u003c\/em\u003e in its entirety is a model of accuracy and consistency, presented with a wealth of annotation and commentary.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSequentially numbered endnotes provide the information most needed at each juncture, while a detailed Index of Terms guides the reader to places where focused discussion of key notions occurs.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn illuminating general Introduction describes the book that lies ahead, explaining what it is about, what it is trying to do, how it goes about doing it, and what sort of audience it presupposes.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56301969277301,"sku":"9781624664397","price":29.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9781624664397_7942e699-cdab-42db-bf06-22859c6d53a9.jpg?v=1786034157"},{"product_id":"9781624668272","title":"Generation of Animals \u0026 History of Animals I, Parts of Animals I","description":"This edition includes new translations of Aristotle's \u003ci\u003eGeneration of Animals\u003c\/i\u003e along with \u003ci\u003eHistory of Animals I\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eParts of Animals I\u003c\/i\u003e. 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Fitting seamlessly with the others in the series, it enables Anglophone readers to read Aristotle’s works in a way previously impossible. Sequentially numbered endnotes provide the information most needed at each juncture, while a detailed Index of Terms guides the reader to places where focused discussion of key notions occurs.","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56303164719477,"sku":"9781647920012","price":23.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9781647920012_6b384706-8e0f-4acb-acb5-31766d635f57.jpg?v=1786024750"},{"product_id":"9781647920814","title":"Aristotle's Theology","description":"\"Even those already familiar with Aristotle may be surprised to learn that discussions of theological topics can be found in so many of his works. Reeve's idea of packaging these texts sequentially along with commentary and notes is brilliant. This book will be essential reading for anyone interested in Aristotle's theology.\"\u003cbr\u003e—\u003cb\u003eS. Marc Cohen\u003c\/b\u003e,Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus, University of Washington","brand":"Gardners","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":56303166062965,"sku":"9781647920814","price":22.99,"currency_code":"GBP","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0612\/7193\/3106\/files\/9781647920814_d2e7ce64-2c4d-4f55-9f77-042613e1ebf4.jpg?v=1786034418"},{"product_id":"9781585101870","title":"Poetics","description":"\u003cp\u003eA complete translation of Aristotle's classic that is both faithful and readable, along with an introduction that provides the modern reader with a means of understanding this seminal work and its impact on our culture. 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Many writers attempted to provide manuals to help improve debating skills, but it was not until Aristotle produced \u003ci\u003eThe Art of Rhetoric\u003c\/i\u003e in the 4th century bc that the subject had a true masterpiece. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eAs he considered the role of emotion, reason, and morality in speech, Aristotle created essential guidelines for argument and prose style that would influence writers for more than two millennia. Brilliantly explained and carefully reasoned, \u003ci\u003eThe Art of Rhetoric \u003c\/i\u003eremains as relevant today as it was in the assemblies of ancient Athens.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr\u003eABOUT THE SERIES: \u003c\/b\u003eThe \u003ci\u003eArcturus Classics\u003c\/i\u003e  series brings       together high-quality paperback editions of classics  works, presented       with contemporary graphic cover designs. 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Yet, remarkably, there are common threads that weave through their collective works that have previously been overlooked.   By selecting and extracting specific quotations and arranging them in particular sequences, Lord throws light on texts that have often been restricted to theological and academic study. Through this exposure, she reveals their relevance to the Arts today, showing how their content can stimulate an enhanced awareness of truth, beauty and knowledge in our lives. Art Aesthetics and Colour also offers us the opportunity to reinterpret the works of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas in the light of Rudolf Steiner’s contemporary spiritual-scientific insights.   In addition to the extensive quotations from the three historical figures, Lord provides brief biographies, an introduction, notes and a bibliography. 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Tragic poetry is seen as being superior than epic poetry since it has all of the elements of the epic, including the usage of the epic meter. Good, relevant, realistic, and consistent characters are a necessary; discovery must take place inside the storyline. The tragic style of poetry is more enjoyable and has a more concentrated impact than one that uses a lot of time to dilute it. A single epic poem can serve as the basis for several tragedies, although imitations of epic poets tend to lack cohesion. 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He dissects the essential elements of a compelling narrative, emphasizing plot structure with a well-defined beginning, middle, and end. Aristotle's discussion of character is central to \"The Poetics.\" He introduces the notion of a tragic flaw, or hamartia, which leads to a character's downfall. His analysis of language, diction, rhythm, and melody underscores their significance in poetic works. \"The Poetics\" is particularly renowned for its examination of tragedy. Aristotle outlines key elements, including peripeteia (a reversal of fortune) and anagnorisis (a moment of recognition), which are fundamental to tragic storytelling. This work's enduring impact on literature, theater, and aesthetics is undeniable. 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In it, we are asked: What is a good speech? What do popular audiences find persuasive? How does one compose a persuasive speech? Aristotle considers these questions in the context of the ancient Greek democratic city-state, in which large audiences of ordinary citizens listened to speeches pro and con before casting the votes that made the laws, decided the policies, and settled the cases in court. Persuasion by means of the spoken word was the vehicle for conducting politics and administering the law. After stating the basic principles of persuasive speech, Aristotle places rhetoric in relation to allied fields such as politics, ethics, psychology, and logic, and he demonstrates how to construct a persuasive case for any kind of plea on any subject of communal concern. Aristotle views persuasion flexibly, examining how speakers should devise arguments, evoke emotions, and demonstrate their own credibility. 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What does it mean to be happy? In this selection from \u003ci\u003eThe Nicomachean Ethics\u003c\/i\u003e, Aristotle probes the nature of happiness and virtue in a quest to divine an ethical value system. Exploring ideas of community, responsibility, courage, friendship, agency, reasoning, desire and pleasure, these are some of the most profound and lasting ancient writings on the self to have influenced Western thought.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThroughout history, some books have changed the world. They have transformed the way we see ourselves - and each other. They have inspired debate, dissent, war and revolution. They have enlightened, outraged, provoked and comforted. They have enriched lives--and upended them. 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This collection of stories authored by \"Aristotle\" seeks to gather many of his Nonfiction, history, Classics concepts into a single draft and provide them at an inexpensive price so that everyone can read them. Some stories are fascinating and fantastic, while others sneak up on you and draw you in. This 4th century BCE work is a foundational examination of ontology-the study of the nature of being and existence. Aristotle's \"Categories\" is a brief treatise divided into short chapters, and \"categories,\" each of which addresses a distinct aspect of how language and mind categorize and describe reality. The book opens with a consideration of substance, highlighting the central importance of particular beings or substances in our conceptual framework. Aristotle divides substances into two categories: substances in and of themselves (particulars) and characteristics or qualities (universals). The story has so many twists and turns that can engage a reader. 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